Leptin/adiponectin ratio as a prognostic factor for increased weight gain in girls with central precocious puberty.

Objective: To determine if the leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) can predict weight gain at the end of GnRH analogs (GnRHa) treatment in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Material and methods: Study design: prospective cohort. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were determined at diagnosis of CPP. Anthropometry was performed at diagnosis of CPP and every six-months, until treatment with GnRHa was discontinued and they presented menarche. Patients were divided according to BMI<94 and BMI>95 percentile at diagnosis of CPP. The outcome was the increased in weight gain (e.g., from normal weight to overweight) at the end of follow-up. Statistical analysis: repeated measures ANOVA test and Student's t-test were used to compare groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association of leptin and adiponectin levels, as well as LAR values with increased weight gain. Results: Fifty-six CPP patients were studied, 18 had BMI >95 percentile and 38 BMI <94 percentile. Of the 18 patients who initially had BMI >95th, two patients went from obesity to overweight, while among the 38 patients who started with BMI <94th, 21 (55.2%) increased their weight gain at the end of follow-up. This last group had higher leptin levels (8.99 ± 0.6 vs 6.14 ± 0.8, p=0.005) and higher LAR values compared to those who remained in the same weight (1.3 ± 0.5 vs 0.96 ± 0.56, p=0.01). In the logistic regression analysis, it was found that higher leptin levels and higher LAR values were associated with increased weight gain (RR 1.31, 95%CI 1.03-1.66, RR 4.86, 95%CI 1.10-21.51, respectively), regardless of birth weight, pubertal stage, age, and bone/chronological age ratio. Conclusions: In patients with CPP, leptin levels and higher LAR values appear to be associated with significantly greater weight gain during GhRHa treatment, particularly in girls starting with BMI < 94 percentile.

[Thyroid dysfunction due to 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in patients with neuroblastoma]. / Disfunción tiroidea por I131-Metayodo Benzilguanidina en pacientes con neuroblastoma.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of advanced neuroblastoma includes chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy with 131-I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (131-I-MIBG). Despite strategies to protect thyroid function, its dysfunction is reported between 12 and 85%. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of thyroid dys function in cases of neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study. We included all the cases with neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG between 2002 and 2015, with complete somatometry, and complete thyroid profile (TSH, free and total T3 and T4, and anti-thyroglobulin and antiperoxidase antibodies). RESULTS: 27 patients were identified out of which eleven died (40%). Out of the 16 surviving cases, 9 (56%) presented thyroid dysfunction: 2 (13%) cases with subclinical hypothyroidism and 7 (44%) cases with clinical hypothyroidism (3 cases due to psychomotor developmental delay and 4 due to growth deceleration). The patients presented cli nical manifestations at 16.1 months (1.2-66.3 months) after receiving the radiopharmaceutical at a cumulative dose of 142 mCi (96-391.5 mCi). No differences were found in the age at diagnosis, age at the start of treatment with 131-I-MIBG, the cumulative dose of 131-I-MIBG, and the time elapsed between the dose and the thyroid profile among the cases with or without thyroid dysfunction. Con clusions: 56% of patients with neuroblastoma had thyroid dysfunction. Most of the cases with hy pothyroidism were referred when thyroid dysfunction was clinically evident. A thyroid profile should be performed every 6 months, along with an annual endocrinological evaluation during the next 5 years in these patients.

Disfunción tiroidea por I131-Metayodo Benzilguanidina en pacientes con neuroblastoma / Thyroid dysfunction due to 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in patients with neuroblastoma

Resumen: Introducción: El tratamiento del neuroblastoma en estadios avanzados incluye quimioterapia, cirugía y terapia con I131-Metayodo benzilguanidina (I131-MIBG). La disfunción tiroidea se reporta entre 12 y 85% a pesar de la protección tiroidea. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de disfunción tiroidea en casos de neu roblastoma tratados con I131-MIBG. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron todos los casos con diagnóstico de neuroblastoma que recibieron I131-MIBG en el periodo de 2002-2015, a los cuales se les realizó antropometría completa, perfil de tiroides: hormona estimulante de tiroides (TSH), Triyodotironina total y libre (T3t y T3l), tiroxina total y libre (T4t, T4l), y anticuerpos antitiroglobulina y antiperoxidasa. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 27 pacientes; once fallecieron (40%). De los 16 casos sobrevivientes, 9 (56%) presentaron disfunción tiroidea: 2 (13%) casos con hipotiroidismo subclínico y 7 (44%) casos con hipotiroidismo clínico (3 casos por retraso en el desa rrollo psicomotor y 4 por desaceleración del crecimiento). Los pacientes presentaron manifestaciones clínicas a los 16,1 meses (1,2-66,3 meses) de recibir el radiofármaco a una dosis acumulada de 142 mCi (96-391.5 mCi). No se logró evidenciar diferencias en la edad al diagnóstico, la edad al inicio del tratamiento con el I131-MIBG, la dosis acumulada del I131-MIBG y el tiempo trascurrido entre la dosis y el perfil tiroideo entre los casos con o sin disfunción tiroidea. Conclusiones: El 56% de los pacientes con neuroblastoma presentaron disfunción tiroidea. La mayoría de los casos con hipotiroidismo fue ron referidos cuando los datos de disfunción tiroidea eran clínicamente evidentes. Se propone en esta poblacion realizar perfil tiroideo semestral y valoración anual por un endocrinólogo pediatra durante los primeros 5 años posteriores al diagnóstico oncológico.

Abstract: Introduction: The treatment of advanced neuroblastoma includes chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy with 131-I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (131-I-MIBG). Despite strategies to protect thyroid function, its dysfunction is reported between 12 and 85%. Objective: To identify the frequency of thyroid dys function in cases of neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional study. We included all the cases with neuroblastoma treated with 131-I-MIBG between 2002 and 2015, with complete somatometry, and complete thyroid profile (TSH, free and total T3 and T4, and anti-thyroglobulin and antiperoxidase antibodies). Results: 27 patients were identified out of which eleven died (40%). Out of the 16 surviving cases, 9 (56%) presented thyroid dysfunction: 2 (13%) cases with subclinical hypothyroidism and 7 (44%) cases with clinical hypothyroidism (3 cases due to psychomotor developmental delay and 4 due to growth deceleration). The patients presented cli nical manifestations at 16.1 months (1.2-66.3 months) after receiving the radiopharmaceutical at acumulative dose of 142 mCi (96-391.5 mCi). No differences were found in the age at diagnosis, age at the start of treatment with 131-I-MIBG, the cumulative dose of 131-I-MIBG, and the time elapsed between the dose and the thyroid profile among the cases with or without thyroid dysfunction. Con clusions: 56% of patients with neuroblastoma had thyroid dysfunction. Most of the cases with hypothyroidism were referred when thyroid dysfunction was clinically evident. A thyroid profile should be performed every 6 months, along with an annual endocrinological evaluation during the next 5 years in these patients.

Influence of the informal primary caretaker on glycemic control among prepubertal pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus / Influência do cuidador familiar principal sobre o controle glicêmico entre pacientes pediátricos pré-púberes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Abstract Objectives: In prepubertal type 1 diabetic patients (DM1), the availability of an informal primary caregiver (ICP) is critical to making management decisions; in this study, the ICP-related risk factors associated with glycemic control were identified. Patients, materials, and methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed. Fifty-five patients with DM1 under the age of 11 years were included. The patient-related factors associated with glycemic control evaluated were physical activity, DM1 time of evolution, and adherence to medical indications. The ICP-related factors evaluated were education, employment aspects, depressive traits (Beck questionnaire), family functionality (family APGAR), support of another person in patient care, stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and socioeconomic status (Bronfman questionnaire). Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: The patients' median age was 8 years; 29 patients had good glycemic control, and 26 were uncontrolled. The main risk factor associated with glycemic dyscontrol was stress in the ICP (OR 24.8; 95% CI 4.06-151.9, p = 0.001). While, according to the linear regression analysis it was found that lower level of education (β 0.991, 95% CI 0.238-1.743, p = 0.011) and stress (β 1.918, 95% CI 1.10-2.736, p = 0.001) in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction (β 1.256, 95% CI 0.336-2.177, p = 0.008) were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: Level of education and stress in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction, are factors that influence the lack of controlled blood glucose levels among prepubertal DM1 patients.

Resumo Objetivos: Em pacientes pré-púberes com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1), a disponibilidade de um cuidador familiar principal (CFP) é fundamental para tomar decisões de administração; neste estudo, foram identificados os fatores de risco relacionados a CFPs associados ao controle glicêmico. Pacientes, materiais e métodos: Foi feito um estudo transversal comparativo. Foram incluídos 55 pacientes com DM1 menores de 11 anos. Os fatores relacionados aos pacientes associados ao controle glicêmico avaliados foram atividade física, tempo de evolução da DM1 e adesão às indicações médicas. Os fatores relacionados a CFPs avaliados foram escolaridade, aspectos profissionais, traços de depressão (questionário de Beck), funcionalidade familiar (Apgar familiar), ajuda de outra pessoa no cuidado do paciente, estresse (Escala de Estresse Percebido) e situação socioeconômica (questionário de Bronfman). Foram feitas análises de regressão logística multivariada e de regressão linear. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes era de oito anos; 29 pacientes apresentavam bom controle glicêmico e 26 não tinham controle. O principal fator de risco associado ao descontrole glicêmico foi o estresse no CFP (RC 24,8; IC de 95% 4,06-151,9, p = 0,001). Ao passo que, de acordo com a análise de regressão linear, constatamos que: o menor nível de escolaridade (0,991, IC de 95% 0,238-1,743, p = 0,011) e estresse (1,918, IC de 95% 1,10-2,736, p = 0,001) do CFP, bem como a disfunção familiar (1,256, IC de 95% 0,336-2,177, p = 0,008), foram associados a níveis maiores de hemoglobina glicosilada. Conclusões: O nível de escolaridade e o estresse do CFP e a disfunção familiar são fatores que influenciam a falta de níveis glicêmicos controlados entre pacientes pré-púberes com DM1.

Influence of the informal primary caretaker on glycemic control among prepubertal pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: In prepubertal type 1 diabetic patients (DM1), the availability of an informal primary caregiver (ICP) is critical to making management decisions; in this study, the ICP-related risk factors associated with glycemic control were identified. PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was performed. Fifty-five patients with DM1 under the age of 11 years were included. The patient-related factors associated with glycemic control evaluated were physical activity, DM1 time of evolution, and adherence to medical indications. The ICP-related factors evaluated were education, employment aspects, depressive traits (Beck questionnaire), family functionality (family APGAR), support of another person in patient care, stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and socioeconomic status (Bronfman questionnaire). Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The patients' median age was 8 years; 29 patients had good glycemic control, and 26 were uncontrolled. The main risk factor associated with glycemic dyscontrol was stress in the ICP (OR 24.8; 95% CI 4.06-151.9, p=0.001). While, according to the linear regression analysis it was found that lower level of education (ß 0.991, 95% CI 0.238-1.743, p=0.011) and stress (ß 1.918, 95% CI 1.10-2.736, p=0.001) in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction (ß 1.256, 95% CI 0.336-2.177, p=0.008) were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: Level of education and stress in the ICP, as well as family dysfunction, are factors that influence the lack of controlled blood glucose levels among prepubertal DM1 patients.

The Mexican Acromegaly Registry: Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics at Diagnosis and Therapeutic Outcomes.

CONTEXT: Acromegaly is a systemic disorder caused by a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. As with other rare diseases, acromegaly registries developed in various European countries have provided us with important information. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, and therapeutic data from the Mexican Acromegaly Registry (MAR). SETTING: The setting of the study was a nationwide patient registry. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: The MAR was created in 2009. It gathers data from 24 participating centers belonging to three different institutions using a specifically designed on-line platform. Only patients diagnosed after 1990 were included in the program. RESULTS: A total of 2057 patients (51% female, mean age at diagnosis 41.1 ± 24.5 y) have been registered for an estimated prevalence of 18 cases per 1 million inhabitants. Hypertension, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were present in 27%, 18.4%, 30%, and 24% of the patients, respectively. The IGF-1 level at diagnosis and the concomitant presence of hypertension were significantly associated with the development of diabetes. Transsphenoidal surgery was the primary treatment in 72% of the patients. Pharmacological treatment, mostly with somatostatin analogs, was administered primarily and adjunctively in 26% and 54% of the patients, respectively. Treatment choice varied among the three participating institutions, with the predominance of pharmacological therapy in two of them and of radiation therapy in the third. Therapeutic outcomes were similar to those reported in the European registries. CONCLUSIONS: The MAR is the largest and first non-European registry of the disease. Our findings highlight important within-country differences in treatment choice due to variations in the availability of resources.

Pacientes pediátricos con diabetes tipo 1: crecimiento y factores asociados con su alteración / Pediatric patients with type 1-diabetes: growth and growth failure associated factors

Resumen: Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) habitualmente se presenta en la etapa pediátrica y afecta el crecimiento de los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el crecimiento y los factores asociados con la alteración del mismo en una población de niños con DM1 en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo casos y controles anidados en una cohorte. Se incluyeron pacientes con DM1 menores de 16 años con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se recabaron datos como la edad al diagnóstico de la DM1, antropometría, hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c), así como el desarrollo puberal (estadios de desarrollo de Tanner) al diagnóstico y durante 4 años de seguimiento. Al finalizar el seguimiento, se identificaron pacientes con alteraciones del crecimiento y se compararon con pacientes con un crecimiento adecuado, pareados por sexo y edad al diagnóstico. Se realizó el análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: Al primer año de seguimiento se identificaron 95 pacientes, a los 2 años 88 pacientes, a los 3 años 56 pacientes y a los 4 años 46 pacientes. La mediana para la edad fue de 9.5 años y el 50% eran prepúberes. El 50% de los pacientes tuvieron alteración en el crecimiento durante su evolución. De acuerdo con el análisis multivariado, se identificó que una mayor concentración de HbA1c en el primer año de seguimiento se relacionó con la alteración en el crecimiento (OR 4.08; IC 95% 1.34-12.42). Conclusiones: En pacientes pediátricos con DM1, una mayor concentración HbA1c en el primer año posterior al diagnóstico parece relacionarse con alteración en el crecimiento.

Abstract: Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) usually occurs in the pediatric age and affects the growth of children. The aim of this work was to describe growth and growth failure associated factors in a population of children with T1D in a tertiary level pediatric hospital. Methods: A case-control nested in a cohort study was conducted. We included patients with TD1 under 16 years of age with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Data as age at T1D diagnosis, anthropometry, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as the pubertal development (Tanner stage) were collected at the time of diagnosis and during 4 years of follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, patients with growth failure and without it were compared, matched by sex, age at TD1 diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: On the first year of follow-up, 95 patients were gathered, 88 patients were still followed by the second year, 56 patients were kept for the third year, and 46 patients were still followed-up by the fourth year. Median age was 9.5 years and 50% were preadolescents. During their evolution, 50% had growth failure. According to the multivariate analysis, the factor associated with growth failure was the HbA1c in the first year post-diagnosis (OR 4.08; 95% CI 1.34-12.42). Conclusions: In the first year post-diagnosis of children with T1D, HbA1c was associated with growth failure.

[Pediatric patients with type 1-diabetes: growth and growth failure associated factors]. / Pacientes pediátricos con diabetes tipo 1: crecimiento y factores asociados con su alteración.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) usually occurs in the pediatric age and affects the growth of children. The aim of this work was to describe growth and growth failure associated factors in a population of children with T1D in a tertiary level pediatric hospital. METHODS: A case-control nested in a cohort study was conducted. We included patients with TD1 under 16 years of age with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Data as age at T1D diagnosis, anthropometry, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as the pubertal development (Tanner stage) were collected at the time of diagnosis and during 4 years of follow-up. At the end of the follow-up, patients with growth failure and without it were compared, matched by sex, age at TD1 diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: On the first year of follow-up, 95 patients were gathered, 88 patients were still followed by the second year, 56 patients were kept for the third year, and 46 patients were still followed-up by the fourth year. Median age was 9.5 years and 50% were preadolescents. During their evolution, 50% had growth failure. According to the multivariate analysis, the factor associated with growth failure was the HbA1c in the first year post-diagnosis (OR 4.08; 95% CI 1.34-12.42). CONCLUSIONS: In the first year post-diagnosis of children with T1D, HbA1c was associated with growth failure.